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Flux Liner Homopolar Electrostatic Vortex Drive Simulation.
After priming the inductor preferred bifilar wound open ends with the flow together once primed with current flow then short circuit the terminals to maintain the current flow and the magnetic field. Various switching combinations. Above Diagram simple speed control can be switched in and out. Interrupt current flow and field to freewheel for a period.
Initial Norton current source battery supplying a few Amp Hours to boot the system. Homopolar generator runs on self Inductance after priming the inductor field the central rotor disk speeds up input extremely low voltage but high current like an arc welder. The rotor drives an electrostatic generator such as a Van der Graaf or Wimhurst machine or Electrostatic Cyclone(Vortex) generator a friction generator to output high voltage. Two surface rubbing together, consider an electrostatic charge one outer Vortex rotating one way downward in the centre from top to bottom separated by an insulated cylinder mid diameter of radius small r, refluxing up the outside from bottom to top insulated cylinder of full diameter and radius large R forming concentric cylinders. Constant reflux circulation rotating concentric cylinders downward in the inner cylinder upward in the outer cylinder in a loop.
Voltage appears between inner and outer insulated cylinders same operation as a cyclone separator, I think they may have used mercury or similar as a conductive medium.
The Homopolar disk is surrounded by a peripheral wound inductor band to give self Inductance forming the current source driven motor. This drives the high voltage electrostatic generator simulated as a current to voltage converter with a high load impedance driving the generator so it's a Amp to Mega or Kilo Volt converter.
Drawings top left neutral starting position, top right a typical current to voltage conversion, bottom left Homopolar motor generator system coupled to electrostatic voltage generator. After running up Homopolar self Inductance motor to desired speed idling with motor current loop driving electrostatic generator. Operating sequence prime field inductor, activate engage radial rotor current to field winding, interrupt priming circuit causing a back emf through Homopolar motor driving more field current inducing further radial rotor current.
Electrograitic Disk Design - “Flux Liner”A Concept Analysis, by LD, Engineer, Lincs, UK.
Uses Gauss'Law & Coloumbs Law for Electro-Propulsion Rev0 - Issued for Comment
Description Symbol Units Quantity
Voltage V v 30000 Emax = Eaverage = V / Distance
Distance d m 0.1
Electric Field Emax V/m 300000
Length L m 10 Cigar Type Comparison
Permitivity eo F/m 8.85E-12
Dielectric constant er - 80
Multi-Plate Segment Capacitor Disk Design - Series Stack, Alternating Top Plate Capacitor banks.
Other variants are to stack the capacitor plates as traditional pairs in parallel which wil give higher capacitance
but lower breakdown voltage or a combination or even switched mode operation.
Rinner Ri m 0.6
Router Ro m 3.6 Aspect Ratio - typically 24ft
Plate Thickness tp m 0.0125 Typically 1/2"
Plate Spacing Dielectric ds m 0.019 Typically 3/4"
Number of Spaces ns - 8
Number of Plates np - 9 np=ns+1
Capacitor Deck Thickness d m 0.2645 d=ns.ds+np.tp
Electric Field Emax V/m 197368.42 Emax=V/(ns.ds)
No. Deck Segments n - 48 Even Number of Alternating Plates Typically 24 Pairs Scaleable
Plan Area of Deck Ad m^2 39.584067 Ad=pi(Ro^2 -Ri^2)
Plan Area of Segment As m^2 0.8246681 As=Ad/n
Capacitance Seg & Space Cs F 0.00000003 Cs=eo.er.As/ds
Capacitance Segment Cts F 0.000000004 Cts=Cs/ns Series 1/Ct=1/C1+1/C2+..1/Cn=n/C same Capacitance
Total Deck Capacitance Ctd F 0.0000002 Ctd=Cts.n Biefield Brown always net +ve top plate for lift.
Half Deck Capacitance Ctdh F 0.00000009 Ctdh=Ctd/2 Alternating Segment Plate Tops +ve & zero for lift ascent.
Invert Plate to -ve & zero for descent.
Frustrum Cone Height H m 2.345 Typically Rise:Fall 37.5 deg or complimentary angle 52.5 deg
Concentric Cylinders & Spheres
Radius Rinner Ri m 1.7
Radius Router Ro m 1.8 Cylinder Cigar Alternative Comparison
Electric Field Emax V/m 308739.48 Emax = V / ( Rinner * LN( Router / Rinner))
Capacitance Cyl. C=Ccyl F 0.0000008 C=2πeo.er.L/LN(Ro/Ri)=Ccyl
Concentric Spheres Sphere Design
Electric Field Emax V/m 317647.06 Emax = V * Router / (Rinner *(Router - Rinner))
Capacitance Sph. C=Csph F 0.0000003 C=4πeo.er.(Ro^2)/(Ro-Ri)=Csph
Earth Ionosphere Resistance re ohm 200
Time Constant Cyl. RCcyl secs 0.0001557 discharge: V(t) = Vinitial * EXP ( -t / (R*C))
Time Constant Sph. RCsph secs 0.0000577
Time Constant Deck RCtdh secs 0.0000184
Charge Cyl. Q=Qcyl Coulombs 0.0233482 Q = C.V = Ccyl.V
Charge Sph. Q=Qsph Coloumbs 0.0086479 Q = C.V = Csph.V
Charge Seg.Deck Q Coulombs 0.0027657 Q = C.V= Ctdh.V Use craft small q when compared to Earth large Q
Coulomb's constant ke N m2/C^2 9000000000
Earth Radius Re km 6370
Height to Ionosphere Hi km 1000 Height to ionsphere 75km to 1000km.
Earth Ionosphere Rad. Ri km 7370
Relative Permittivity er 1
Capacitance Ci F 0.0060407 C=4πeo.er.(Ri^2)/(Ri-Re) Tesla 0.25mF Says
Earth Electric Field Ee V/m 100 Tesla Earth to Ionosphere Voltage 100 to 300 V/m droping exponentially to 1V/m ionosphere
Voltage Earth to Ionosphere. Vei V 400000 Tesla Says 400kV
Voltage Emax V/m 462.79435 Emax = V * Ri / (Re*(Ri-Re))
Charge Earth Surface -Q Coulombs 2416.2847 Q=Ci.Vei
Charge on Seg Deck -q Coloumb 0.0027657 q=C.V
Altitude above Earth r m 1 Repulsion Earth -Q charge, Craft -q Charge
Coloumb Force Fr N 6.00771E+10 F=ke.(-Q).q/r^2
Fr kN 60077125
Height craft to ionosphere r=Ri-Re m 999999 Attraction Ionosphere +Q, Craft -q charge
Coloumb Force Fa N 0.0600772 F=ke.(Q).q/r^2
Fa kN 0.0000601
Total Uplift Ft kN 60077125 Ft=Fr+Fa Change polarity mode near boundary planes(plates)
Mass of Craft Consider Sphere and Full Segmented Disk - Pro-rata Estimate for other elements
Frustrum Cone
Slope - 1.3027778 H/(Ro disk - Ro Sph)
Angle A deg 52.490494
Base Radius = Ro Disk Ro disk m 3.6 Base Radius = Ro Disk
Top Radius = Ro Sphere Ro sph m 1.8 Top Radius = Ro Sphere
Frustrum Height H m 2.345
Apex height to base Hb m 4.69 Hb=Ro disk.Slope
Apex height to frust. top Ht m 2.345 Ht=Ro sph.Slope
Volume top cone Vt m^3 7.9563976 Vt=(1/3)pi.(Ro sph^2).Ht
Volume btm cone Vb m^3 63.65118 Vb=(1/3)pi.(Ro disk^2).Hb
Volume Frustrum Vf m^3 55.694783 Vf=Vb-Vt
Apex length to top Lt m 2.9561842
Apex length to bottom Lb m 5.9123684
Surface Area Cone Ac m^2 50.150483 Ac=pi.Ro disk.Lb -pi.Ro sph.Lt
Frustrum Cone Thickness tc m 0.025 Typical
Frustrum Cone Density Dc kg/m^3 960 Composite Panel Lightweight Insulator
Area of Outer Sphere Aso m^2 40.715041 Aso=(4.pi.Ro^2)
Area of Inner Sphere Asi m^2 36.316811 Asi=(4.pi.Ri^2)
Volume of Outer Sphere Vso m^3 24.429024 Vso=((4/3).piRo^3)
Volume of Inner Sphere Vsi m^3 20.579526 Vsi=((4/3).pi.Ri^3)
Deck Density Dd kg/m^3 8940 Typical Plates Copper
Shell Sphere Density Ds kg/m^3 2830 Typical Aluminium
Shell Thickness ts mm 6.25 Typical 1/4"
Density of Dielectric Dd kg/m^3 2500 Typical Dielectric Glass Composite
Mass of Frustrum Cone Hull Mc kg 1203.6116 Mc=Dc.Ac.tc
Mass of Outer Shell Sphere Ms kg 720.14728 Ms=Ds.ts.Aso
Mass of Inner Shell Sphere Mi kg 642.3536 Mi=Ds.ts.As
Mass of Dielectric Sphere Md kg 9623.7455 Md=Ds.(Vso-Vsi)
Mass of Seg.Deck Msd kg 39811.676 Msd=Dd.Ad.tp.np
Mass of Deck Dielectric Mdd kg 15041.946 Mdd=Dd.Ad.ds.ns
Mass of Homopolar Disk Mhd kg 2597.3783 Mhd=Dhd.Ahd.thd
Mass of O2 or Air Tanks Moa kg 6692.0821 Moa'=Moa.nt
Mass of Plant & Equip. Mp kg 2000 Estimated typical
Mass of Occupant Mo kg 400 Estimated at 4 by 100kg each
Total Mass of Craft Mt kg 78732.94 Typical
Max Gravity Earth g kg.m^2 /s 9.81
Force of Resistance Fr kN 772.37014 Fr=Mt.g
Vertical Lift Biefield Brown always net +ve top plate for lift. Using Coloumbs law like charges repel separate objects.
Surface charge capacitor faces, vary surface charge -ve bottom plate for repulsion same as earth charge.
Max Uplift Fu kN 60076352 Fu=Ft-Fr
Max Acceleration a m/s^2 763.03962 a=Fu/Mt
initial Velocity U m/s 0
Max Speed at Ionosphere Vi m/s 1235.3458 Vi=(U^2+2.a.s)^(1/2)
Speed of Sound Vs m/s 330
Mach No. Mach No. 3.7434721 Mach No.=Vi/Vs
Electric Field lines radiate out to infinity.
Zero Gravity in Craft as Gravity is based on Electrostatic Charge and is Pushing Radially to the Centre of Body.
Max Voltage Breakdown 10kV/mm safe zone is 3kV/mm most Dielectrics
Max Voltage Breakdown Vb kV/mm 10
Energy Stored Deck E J 82.970289 E=C.V^2 /2
Capacitance Sph C=Csph F 0.0000003
Voltage V=Vsph V 30000
Charge Sphere Q=Qsph Coloumbs 0.0086479 Q=C.V
Typical Safe Voltage Vs kV 1000 Vs=Vb(Ro sph - Ri sph)
Max Static Power Leakage Es kW 4500 Es=V^2 /re
Max Static Power Leakage Es HP 6000 Es/0.75
Dielectric Constant er or k 80 Relative Permittivity
Results at 3kV Mach No. Mach 2.61
Results at 30kV Mach No. Mach 8.27
Dielectric Constant er or k 8 Relative Permittivity
Results at 3kV Mach No. Mach 0.827
Results at 30kV Mach No. Mach 2.61
Emergency Landing on Water Buoyancy of Craft Max Mass
Min Volume of Craft Vo m^3 78.73294
Density Water Dw kg/m^3 1000
Sphere Volume Vsph m^3 24.429024
Deck Volume Vdeck m^3 10.469986
Hull Cone Body Volume Vconehull m^3 55.694783
Total Volume m^3 90.593793
Max Mass Fluid Displaced Mw kg 90593.793 Mw>Mt floatation
Either use Biefield mode using Gauss and Coloumb Charge Repulsion or Attraction or Impulse mode.
Longitudinal Pull or Push by Separation of Charge. Consider Diametrical opposite top capacitor plates with equal charges q.
Same charge repulsion so by induction bringing a terminal from each top plate close together at the centre point will cause a
field line of stress or influence line between charges say +q on one plate and +q on the otherside.
Using Coloumbs Law as we reduce the centre separation gap 'r' then the equal balanced force increases F=k.(+q)(+q)/r^2.
The trick is now to instantly collapse and discharge one charge +q to zero with the otherside still charged at +q imbalanced force.
This is the impulse force & similar to raising a load with two springs (elastic bands) and cutting one side instantly giving propulsion.
Coloumbs Constant k N m2/C^2 9000000000
Separation Gap r m 0.001
Charge Half Deck Q Coloumbs 0.0027657 Q=C.V
No.Discharge Plate Caps nc - 4
Charge q Coloumb 0.0002305 q=Q.nc/n
Coloumb Force F N 477529156 F=k.(+q)(+q)/r^2.
F kN 477529.16 Instant discharge of one charge +q
Short Circuit Resistance Rs ohm 200
Energy Seg Cap E J 3.4570954 E=q.V/2=C.(V^2)/2
Discharge time t=dt secs 0.0000553 t=3.RC typically 3 to 5 time constants use RC deck
Impulse I N.s 26413.821 Impuse I = F.t = Force Average F x Time Increment dt
Mass of Craft m kg 78732.94 Impulse I = m.v = Mass of Craft m x Velocity Increment dv
Velocity Increment dv m/s 0.3354863 increase in velocity dv over time dt every impulse
Acceleration a=dv/dt m/s^2 6065.1762 Acceleratiion a =dv/dr
Impulses per Second fi cycles/sec 18078.761 Impulse Rate Frequency fi
Increment time 1second t=1sec secs 1 Velocity Increase in time t, v = Frequency fi x Time t x velocity Increment v= fi.t.dv
Velocity increase v m/s 6065.1762
Speed of Sound Vs m/s 330
Mach No. 18.379322 Mach No.=Vi/Vs speed increment each impulse.
Control System, at the craft's centre point a rotating switch bringing all the horizontal influence lines of force together,
at the centroid, charge electric field lines as influence lines. On top plan a diametrically opposed pair of top plates are selected.
Same charge +q on diametrically opposite top plates.
Another discharge switch is connected from top plate to the centre point to form a part path to local craft chasis ground.
The discharge switch is a high voltage mechanical breaker approaching together the charges +q and +q.
The return path to local craft chasis ground is the rotating switch with the separation gap r set to the breakdown voltage.
The impulse frequency is set by the period of the rotating switch as it shorts and discharges the segment capacitor bank.
So in a neutral position with a rippling d.c.field on the top plates, adjacent top plates +ve and zero, +0+0+etc all around the craft.
Oscillating states with 0+0+ at the capacitor bank circuits tuned resonant frequency.
We charge at a high frequency pulsed d.c. Biefeld vertical lift and impulse discharge at the lower frequency centre rotating switch
frequency for longitudinal travel.
We bring charges that are diametrically opposite close together with the same charge +q to create force and then release one by discharge.
Direction control position discharge breaker foot over desired top capacitor plate segment(s) sector.
Power, in air Tesla gives a resistance of 200 ohm, in free space its 120pi=377ohm.
Voltage V v 30000
Charging Plate Frequency fc cycles/sec 180787.61 Typical Tuned Resonator say 10:1 gain takes around 10 charging cycles to
Impulse Discharging Frequency fi cycles/sec 18078.761 build up voltage after a discharge. fc=10.fi
Capacitance Deck C=Ctd F 0.0000002 Don Lee Smith Energy Calc E = (1/2).C.(V^2).(f^2)
Charging Capacitive Energy Ec Joules 2.71181E+12 Joule = Watt.Second E=(1/2).Ctd.(V^2).(fc^2)
Capacitance No.Segments C=Cns F 0.00000002 C=Cns=Cts.nc
Discharging Capacitive Energy Ed Joules 2000000000 Ed=(1/2).Cns(V^2).(fi^2)
Instant Discharge Power Pd W 4.08552E+13 Pd=Ed/dt
Charging Power Pin W 4.90262E+17 Pin=Ec/t=Ec.fc
Inductor Design acting as field coil self inducting homopolar motor generator induced homopolar rotor current feeds the field coil
Permeability Free Space uo Wb/A.m 0.0000013 mu o
Relative Permeability ur - 1 mu r
Permeability u Wb/A.m 0.0000013 mu u=uo.ur
Number of Turns N - 414
Radius of Ring Ro sph m 1.8
Area A m^2 10.17876 A=pi.Ro sph ^2
Depth of Ring lr m 0.225 Typically 9"thk
Inductance L H 9.7436777 L=u.N^2.A/lr
Primed Short Circuit Current I A 10 5uA typ
Magnetic Flux phi Wb 97.436777 phi=L.I
Magnetic Flux Density B Wb/m^2 9.5725585 B=phi/A Tesla=Wb/m^2
T=Tesla 0.00005 Earth Safe Level
Width of Ring w m 0.457 Typically 18"
Thickness Square Conductors tc m 0.00625 Typically Copper 1/4" thk
Spacing of Insulation si m 0.0095 Typical a Glass Composite or Mica Insulator 3/8"thk
Estimated Turns N' - 414.51247 N=w.lr/(si+tc)^2
Homopolar Disk
Inner Radius of Disk Rhdi m 0.6
Outer Radius of Disk Rhd m 1.36 Rhd=0.8 Ri sph Approx typical dia 9ft
Thickness Disk thd m 0.05 Typically 2"thk
Starting Radial Current Ir A 10 Outside Disk to Centre
Tangential Force on Disk Fhd N 130.1868 Fhd=B.I.Rhd=Field x Current x Centroid Length
Torque Thd Nm 177.05404 Thd=Fhd.Rhd
Density Disk Dhd kg/m^3 8940 Typical Copper
Mass of Homopolar Disk Mhd kg 2597.3783 Mhd=Dhd.Ahd.thd
Radius Gyration khd m 0.96152 khd=0.707Rhd
Inertia Homopolar Disk Ihd kg.m^2 2401.3301 Ihd=Mhd.khd^2
Acceleration Ahd rad/s^2 0.0737317 Ahd=T//Ihd
Acceleration Time ta secs 270 Typical run up time 4mins
Angular Speed Ws rad/s 2687.5189 Ws=(1/2).Ahd.ta^2
Angular Speed Ws' RPM 25663.915
Poissons Ratio v - 0.3 Typical Metal
Centre Hoop & Radial Stress fh=fr N/mm^2 49.265436 fh=fr=(3+v)Dhd.(Ws^2).(Rhd^2)/8 Hoop Stress & Radial Stress
Outer Radial Stress fr N/mm^2 20.900488 fh=(1-v).Dhd.(Ws^2).(Rhd^2)/4
Section Modulus Z mm^3 1133333.3 Z=2.Rhd.(thd^2)/6
Static Bending Moment Mb Nm 24499.8 Mb=Mhd.g.khd
Static Bending Stress fb N/mm^2 21.617471
Tensile Stress pt N/mm^2 100 Typical Tensile Stress
Allowable Stress pa N/mm^2 60 Say pa=0.6pt
Resistance of Homopolar Disk Rd ohm 0.000000004 R=ρ2π.thd..Ln(Rhd/Rhdi)
Coefficient of Resistance rho ohm.m 0.00000002 Load Contact Resistance Current Limiter
Operation Homopolar Polar Motor Generator and Field Inductor Ring - Similar to Bruce DePalma N-Machine.
Prime field coil "Battery" start or standard Stan-Meyers Browns Gas HHO water to hydrogen generators driving a Tesla Turbine
or standard engine as a backup generator.
Field coil starts as short circuit with current source, battery as a low voltage but high current source. Switch in paralle Homopolar disk
forms a parallel circuit with field inductor. Switch off the priming switch to interrupt the current source, causes a Lenz's law
back emf this creates a series circuit with the field current and homopolar radial armature current starting torque a self inductive
circuit is formed the generator supplies the field current which supplies more radial motor current which supplies more field curent.
self inductance" interrupt switch at critical rotor speed. Next drive High Voltage Electrostatic Generator this drives deck capacitors.
Could be a Wimhurst a Cyclone both use counter flow to generate electrical charge.
Oxygen or Air Tank
Diameter of Tank Dt m 0.356 Typically 12" to 14"
Thickness of Tank to m 0.0125 Typicallly 1/2" XXS Extra Strong
Length of Tank Lo m 1.8288 Typically 6ft standard cylinder
Cap Ends for Cylinders
Operating Pressure po barg 10 Standard Compressor Output or Staged Higher
Design Pressure pd barg 15 ASME B31.3 and VIII use pd=1.5po
Hoop Stress fh N/mm^2 21.36 fh=pd.Dt/2.to
Allowable Stress pa N/mm^2 100 Typical Low Temp 50 LT50 or A333 Gr6 or Cryo
240N/mm^2 yield stress
Surface Area of Tank Cyl. Atc m^2 2.0453427 Atc=pi.Dt.Lo
Surface Area Cap End Ac m^2 0.3981529 Ac=4pi(Rt^2)
Area of Tank At m^2 2.8416485 At=Atc+2.Ac
Density Tank Material Dtm kg/m^3 7850 Steel
Mass of O2 Air Tank Moa kg 278.83676 Moa=Dtm.At.to
Volume of Tank Cyl. Vtc m^3 0.1820355 Vtc=pi.Rt^2.Lo
Volume of Cap End Vc m^3 0.0236237 Vc=(4/3).pi.Rt^3
Volume of Tank Vt m^3 0.229283 Vt=Vtc+2.Vc
Design Temperature T deg K 293 Charging at near Atmospheric 20 degC
Input Atmospheric Pressure P1 bar 1.01325
Input Ambient Volume V1 m^3 2.49213 V1=P2.V2/P1
Stored Volume V2 m^3 0.229283
Storage Pressure Absoloute P2 bar 11.01325 Hold low temp effects for feasibility study
Number of Tanks nt - 24 Typically 2 per capacitor plate nt=n/2
Volume of Gas Either O2 or Air Vb m^3 59.81112 Air O2:N2 1:4 (23% O2 to 77%N2) by Volume
Molecular Weight O2 mo kg/kmol 16
Mass of O2 Mo kg 1.6946318 PV=(M/m)RT Mo=P2.V2.mo/R.T
Nitrogen N2 as an inert not consumed use SodaLime Absorbant CO2 Scrubber.
A person breathes 7 or 8 liters of air per minute. Air is about 20% oxygen. But when you exhale, your breath is about 15%
oxygen, so you consumed about 5%. Therefore, a person uses about 550 liters of pure oxygen each day.
Oxygen O2 per day m^3 Vo2 0.55 550 litres, 1000 litres=1m^3
Number of Person(s) Occupants no - 4
Number of Breathing Days O2 ndo2 - 27.186873 ndo2=(Vb/no)/Vo2 Tanks with pure O2
Increase Storage Pressure O2:N2:CO2 Separators & Scrubbers. Reflux Separation Degas and Purge system
At 10barg, 27 Breathing Days, 50barg 126 Breathing Days 4 person(s), at 50barg 503 Breathing Days 1 person.
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