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It's a bit of a mess due to size constraints, so here is the low down. Top left corner there is a DC power supply, this is the reference voltage for the ADC. There is a resistive network creating multiple voltage dividers, each R is same value giving linear conversion. Reference goes to ref on op amp, input of op amp is analog signal, 5V P2P with 5V DC offset. analog signal increases and decreases, it triggers comparators hooked up to Xor gates. Xor gates are triggering LEDs that represent Data 0, Data 1, and Data 2 (the 3 bit digital conversion). It looks as though it is counting up and down in binary (as it is), but this is simply a by product of a repetitive sinusoidal signal entering the analog input.
The 3 data bits could be fed into a microcontroller In order to produce an error signal, this is basic process control.
Oh yea, at the bottom is The analog signal supply.
Try lowering The AC input signals amplitude and see how the data bits give a different binary value, this value would be sent to Microcontroller which would compare and send out a correction to the item being monitored. It would then create a new digital value based on the new corrected analog (measured value), compare this new digital value and correct as necessary. Rinse and repeat, You Just built a PLC!!!!
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