This is a noninverting amplifier with a gain of 2. You can pretend that the 10 Ohm resistor and 200 uF capacitor are not there - they are just to slow down the action of the opamp so you can visualize how closed-loop negative feedback works in this case. You can think of V+ as "what you want" (blue) and V- as "what you have" (orange). The difference between them is the "error" of the current state (red). The opamp amplifies the error, and in closed-loop negative feedback it's the surrounding circuit's job to use this signal to minimize the error (or minimize the difference between V+ and V-). Then, what you have (V-) will match what you want (V+). You can think of the output voltage (green) as a side effect of this process.
