a DAC translates a digital binary code into a proportional analogue voltage. The R-2R ladder network is one of the most practical DAC architectures because it uses only two resistor values regardless of the number of bits, making it easy to construct and scale. The four switches represent binary input values, with right-most switch being the Most Significant Bit, and the left most switch being the Least Significant Bit (MSB and LSB). A binary input of zero (all 4 binary input switches in ground position) produces an output of 0VDC, and an input of 15 (all 4 binary input switches on) produces an output of 10VDC.
